A Brief History of the African Nation of Tunisia

Modern Tunisians are the descendants of indigenous Berbers and of people from numerous civilizations that have invaded, migrated to, and been assimilated into the population over the millennia. Recorded history in Tunisia begins with the arrival of Phoenicians, who founded Carthage and other North African settlements in the 8th century B.C. Carthage became a major sea power, clashing with Rome for control of the Mediterranean until it was defeated and captured by the Romans in 146 B.C. Muslim Conquest The Romans ruled and settled in North Africa until the 5th century, when the Roman Empire fell and Tunisia was invaded by European tribes, including the Vandals. The Muslim conquest in the 7th century transformed Tunisia and the make-up of its population, with subsequent waves of migration from around the Arab and Ottoman world, including significant numbers of Spanish Muslims and Jews at the end of the 15th century. From Arab Center to French Protectorate Tunisia became a center of Arab culture and learning and was assimilated into the Turkish Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. It was a French protectorate from 1881 until independence in 1956, and retains close political, economic, and cultural ties with France. Independence for Tunisia Tunisias independence from France in 1956 ended the protectorate established in 1881. President Habib Ali Bourguiba, who had been the leader of the independence movement, declared Tunisia a republic in 1957, ending the nominal rule of the Ottoman Beys. In June 1959, Tunisia adopted a constitution modeled on the French system, which established the basic outline of the highly centralized presidential system that continues today. The military was given a defined defensive role, which excluded participation in politics. A Strong and Healthy Beginning Starting from independence, President Bourguiba placed strong emphasis on economic and social development, especially education, the status of women, and the creation of jobs, policies that continued under Zine El Abidine Ben Alis administration. The result was strong social progress – high literacy and school attendance rates, low population growth rates, and relatively low poverty rates – and generally steady economic growth. These pragmatic policies have contributed to social and political stability. Bourguiba,  President for Life Progress toward full democracy has been slow. Over the years, President Bourguiba stood unopposed for re-election several times and was named President for Life in 1974 by a constitutional amendment. At the time of independence, the Neo-Destourian Party (later the Parti Socialiste Destourien, PSD or Socialist Destourian Party)—enjoying broad support because of its role at the forefront of the independence movement—became the sole legal party. Opposition parties were banned until 1981. Democratic change Under Ben Ali​ When President Ben Ali came to power in 1987, he promised greater democratic openness and respect for human rights, signing a national pact with opposition parties. He oversaw constitutional and legal changes, including abolishing the concept of President for life, the establishment of presidential term limits, and provision for greater opposition party participation in political life. But the ruling party renamed the Rassemblement Constitutionel Dà ©mocratique (RCD or Democratic Constitutional Rally), dominated the political scene due to its historic popularity and the advantage it enjoyed as the ruling party. Survival of a Strong Political Party Ben Ali ran for re-election unopposed in 1989 and 1994. In the multiparty era, he won 99.44% of the vote in 1999 and 94.49% of the vote in 2004. In both elections he faced weak opponents. The RCD won all seats in the Chamber of Deputies in 1989, and won all of the directly elected seats in the 1994, 1999, and 2004 elections. However, constitutional amendments provided for the distribution of additional seats to the opposition parties by 1999 and 2004. Effectively Becoming President for Life A May 2002 referendum approved constitutional changes proposed by Ben Ali that allowed him to run for a fourth term in 2004 (and a fifth, his final, because of age, in 2009), and provided judicial immunity during and after his presidency. The referendum also created a second parliamentary chamber, and provided for other changes. SourcePublic Domain material, US Department of State  Background Notes.

Teaching Objectivism On The Courtroom - 1509 Words

Teaching Objectivism to the courtroom, Rearden is attacking the Collectivist philosophy by accepting reality; that one must produce for their own self-interest in order to pursue their own happiness. This moral code he is condemning breaks the law of existence: â€Å"A is A (1038)†. If A is not A, a person’s sole motive to live is not for himself, rather, to live for others. This premise of self-sacrifice denies reality, reason, and logic in place of faith, charity, and force. When Rearden declares â€Å"The public good be damned, I will have no part of it!† he condemns this irrational value system that promotes using oneself as a sacrificial animal and its methods of gaining control: by debilitating the producers and general public. The producers, through their guilt and force; the public at large by draining their capacity to think. Even though he is preaching Objectivism, Rearden lives according to this philosophy only partially. An Objectivist believes a person’s highest moral purpose is to pursue happiness through their values. He obtains the virtues, but feels guilt and shame for them. As Francisco D’Anconia tries to make Hank realize this fault, he asks â€Å"Why don’t you hold to the purpose of your life as clearly and rigidly as you hold to the purpose of your mills? (451)†. Hank runs his vastly successful Steel company objectively, mastering the reality of matter, which makes him â€Å"one of the last moral men in the world (451)†, but the distinction between him and D’Anconia,

Organizational Theory and Design Sports Industry

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Theory and Design for Sports Industry. Answer: Introduction The main of the study is to shed light on the importance of the leadership and the strategies of a company. For this particular assignment, the Sports industry of Australia have been considered. Further to carry out a detailed study, the Pacific Sports Management company has been chosen. The study includes the structure of the business that the company follows. The leadership style of the company is further discussed that helps to understand the performance level of the company since effective leadership is one of the keys to ensure efficiency in the organisation. Being one of the renowned brands in the market of Australia, the company has been following certain strategies that help the company to perform its business in the home market as well as in the overseas market. Pacific Sports Management (PSM) is one of the leading sports company in Australia. The company is known to provide personalised and exclusive management to the clients both in Australia and in the international market. The objective of the company is maintaining the level of hard work and loyalty. The company offers elite corporate network exposure to its clients and customers, which supports the career and their post career. Structure of the Company The Pacific Sports Management Company follows a line and staff organisational structure within the organisation. The company has a direct and a vertical relationship with the various levels in the organisation. The organization has both line and staff departments where the staff department allows the line people with advice and assistance in areas that are specialise such as quality control advising production department. The company replaced the staff authority of functional authority organisational structure with the staff responsibility (Eden and Ackermann 2013). This helps the company not to violate the principle of unity of command. Pacific sports management has three types of specialized staffs such as the advising, service and the control. The staffs of the company perform either any one or two of the above-mentioned function or all the functions together. The line personnel use the expertise of staff specialist to make the organisational structure of the company effective. Th e capability and the span of the control of the line managers of PSM can be enhanced, as they are relieved of a number of the functions (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). The staff people perform these functions in order to assist the line. Figure 1: The organisational structure of Pacific Sports Management (Source: Hendriks and Karsten 2014) Pacific Sports Management uses the line and staff organisational structure for its company as the managers receive many benefits from this organisational structure. The structure offers a direct vertical relationship between the different levels of the organisation that allows higher flexibility and specialization. The higher authority of the company easily identifies the knowledge and the expertise of the specialist. As the organisational structure has three types of specialised staff, the work is divided effectively that improves the organisational performance (Rothaermel 2015). The advisory loos after the management information system of the company, operation research and quantitative techniques, industrial engineering and planning. The service staffs carries out the activities of maintenance, purchase, stores, financing and marketing (Kane and Patapan 2014). On the other hand, the staffs of the control department ensure quality control, cost control, auditing etcetera. However, as argued by Shafritz, Ott and Jang (2015), this organisational structure might create confects in between the line and the staffs. There are chances for the staff officer to resent their lack of authority that creates low efficiency of the company. Nevertheless, the line and staff organisational structure is further advantageous as the Company is able to increase the span of control, relieves the line authority from the task of specialized decision and routine. There is no need for all round executives that supports the business of Pacific Sports Management. Leadership Style of the Company The PSM team is a dedicated team of professionals that have individuals with diverse skills. The team aims to provide service to the unique clients from the sports and entertainment contract, film and television production, sponsorship, publishing etcetera. The company follows a democratic leadership style in which the members or the staffs of the team are allowed to actively participate in the decision-making process. The employees are allowed to participate and freely exchange their views and ideas. This helps to increase the motivation level within the employees of PSM. The managing director and the owner of PSM, Chris Orr had an experience of fifteen years in the sports marketing and management industry before he established his own company. As per his perception on order to increase the efficiency of the company, it is necessary for the company to increase the productivity of the staffs working for the company. The employee productivity can be increased by increasing their motivation level and job satisfaction (Mellahi and Frynas 2015). Therefore, Chris Orr intends to follow the democratic leadership style that allows the employees to participate in the organisational activities. Thus, the director of PSM acts as a democratic leader in achieving the organisational goals. The director of sport of the company, Gavin Orr plays the role of identifying the athletes company into the organization. The director of sports represents the day to day welfare issues of the athlete. The greatest athletes in the rugby game are recruited by the company to assist the clients of the company. In the democratic leadership the workers or the subordinates are able to participate in the decision making process that helps them to feel satisfied with the job. The workers in PSM are aware of the activities happening in the organization, which accelerates the employee production. The subordinates have full opportunity to utilise their individual capabilities (Daft 2015). However, the decision-making is delayed, as a number of individuals are included in the process. The decentralization of the authority restricts the use of less competent executive. Strategies of the Company within Australian Market The Pacific Sports Management company uses different strategies within the Australian market that helps the company to achieve higher revenue and profits. The company implements branding strategy that increases the brand image. The company uses the attitude branding and iconic banding strategies. The company intends to represent larger feelings that is not only connected with the product and consumption of the products (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The iconic branding of PSM represents having aspects that helps to contribute to the self-expression and personal identity of the customers. Moreover, the company uses pricing strategies that helps to reduce the price of the products by reducing the cost of the products. The low price of the products and the services offered by the company supports the company to attract more customers (Goethals et al. 2014). Thus, a higher demand increases the revenue and the profit earned by PSM. Pacific Sports Management sets up comprehensive plan that guides the athletic department to grow and develop in the future. The company uses the PESTLE analysis to carry out a market research of the present markets in Australia. The strategic management helps the managers to understand how the key analytical factors affect the business (Shapiro 2014). The company is further able to formulate missions and goals that help to increase the efficiency of the company. Moreover, the stakeholder valises, powers, interest and the expectation of the company can be increased with the help of the strategies. The company implements strategies that increase the satisfaction level of the employees and the customers (Marion and Gonzales 2013). In addition to these strategies, the PSM uses the resource-based strategies that help the company to use the resources effectively. The strategies used by PSM in the home market that is in Australia, helps the mangers to manage the changing issues in the sports and event industry. The risk faced by the company can be easily accessed by the various strategies used by the company (Slack 2015). The strategy further allows the managers to understand the benefits and the risk related to the leadership styles used by the organisation. Strategies of the Company with Overseas Market The Pacific Sports management considers international marketing strategies as the company deals with the overseas clients. The company not only operates in the market of Australia but also serves the customers in Asia, UK, USA and UAE. The company therefore needs to carry out proper market research of the international market so as to understand the rules and regulation of the market in which it operates (Van de Ven, Ganco, and Hinings 2013). The ethical issues of the economy have to be maintained by the company that supports smooth business of the PSM. In order to run business in the international market of India (Asia), the managers of PSM uses the cost effective strategies that helps the company to reduce the input cost and the manufacturing cost of the company. When the company is able to produce the products and services at a comparatively lower cost, the company achieves a competitive advantage. This allows exporting the products in the international market as the company has a comparative advantage in producing goods (Cummings and Worley 2014). Further, the company uses the advertising strategy that helps the company to attract more clients in the market of USA. The company further uses the merger and acquisition strategies in the UAE and UK market to increase the revenue and the profit. The company achieves significant financial benefits and in case of losses, the companies are able to share the loss. The cost of research and development can be decreased with the help of merger and acquisition. The finds and the valuable assets for new development can be accessed with the help of the merger and acquisition strategy (Lizardo and Pirkey 2014). The market share of the company can be increased as PSM receives wider customer base. Moreover, through marketing budgets, the purchasing power of the company increases while the overhead cost is reduced. When PSM buys up intellectual property, the products and services becomes cheaper. Thus, the company applies these above strategies in the international market that increase the effectiveness and the productivity of the company. Conclusion and Recommendation From the detailed analysis about the Pacific Sports Management it can be mentioned that the company has an effective organisational structure that allows the company to care out all the organisational activities in a systematic manner. The company considers the line and staff organisational structure within the organisation. The company uses the democratic leadership style that allows the company to increase the efficiency of the employees that in turn increases the productivity of the company. The company implements strategies in the market of Australia and in the international market that helps to increase the market share in both local and international market. The company mainly implements the pricing strategies and the branding strategies in the market of Australia. The cost effective strategy, the merger and acquisition strategy is used in the international market to achieve higher market share. However, the managers of Pacific Sports Management of the sports industry needs to uses tools such as PESTLE and SWOT analysis to understand the internal as well the external environment of the company. The proper knowledge about the market helps to establish marketing strategies that can effectively be used to achieve the organisational goals. On the other hand, it is necessary for the company to use the leadership style effectively such that the risk of the style can be easily minimised. The company is able to increase the productivity of the workers when the leaders are able to lead the team effectively. Therefore, Pacific Sports Management Company not only needs to effectively implement the leadership style but also maintain it. As the democratic leadership is time consuming it should be ensured that the managers are able to design a proper activity plan and abide by the plan. The leader of the company that is the owner, director and other higher authority has to guide the employ ee in such a manner that a proper effective teamwork is created. The teamwork establishment is necessary that increases the productivity, revenue, profit and the market position of the company in the market of Australia and in the overseas market. References Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Daft, R.L., 2015.Organization theory and design. Cengage Learning. Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013.Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Goethals, G., Allison, S., Kramer, R. and Messick, D. eds., 2014.Conceptions of leadership: Enduring ideas and emerging insights. Springer. Hendriks, F. and Karsten, N., 2014. Theory of democratic leadership.P.'t Hart R. Rhodes (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political leadership, pp.41-56. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Kane, J. and Patapan, H. eds., 2014.Good democratic leadership: on prudence and judgment in modern democracies. OUP Oxford. Lizardo, O. and Pirkey, M.F., 2014. How organizational theory can help network theorizing: Linking structure and dynamics via cross-level analogies.Research in the Sociology of Organizations,40, pp.33-56. Mellahi, K. and Frynas, G., 2015.Global strategic management. Oxford University Press. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Shafritz, J.M., Ott, J.S. and Jang, Y.S., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Marion, R. and Gonzales, L.D., 2013.Leadership in education: Organizational theory for the practitioner. Waveland Press. Shapiro, I., 2014. Judgment and democratic leadership.Good Democratic Leadership: On Prudence and Judgment in Modern Democracies, p.128. Slack, N., 2015.Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Van de Ven, A.H., Ganco, M. and Hinings, C.R., 2013. Returning to the frontier of contingency theory of organizational and institutional designs.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.393-440.

Moll Flanders Stretegies of Economic Survival free essay sample

Moll and Robinson have the same goal- economic survival but there’s a significant difference in their strategies. The novel shows the tough and emotionally draining journey of Moll Flanders who is born in Newgate Prison and abandoned at about a year-and-a-half. She has several marriages and children that haven’t worked out the way they should, she gets into criminal lifestyle and finally fulfills her greatly desired dream- to gain fortune and economic success. Her vanity and greed are the main focus of characterization. Even as a young girl her desire is to become a gentlewoman which is almost impossible for a lower-class woman because of the rigid class lines in England in that period. In fact, that desire leads her into one misadventure after another throughout her life. According to her theory, a young girl in poor circumstances has the right to find support as best as she can and that motivates her strategies of economic survival. We will write a custom essay sample on Moll Flanders Stretegies of Economic Survival or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Money is the driving source in the book. It becomes more important than class, love, moral and everything else. Moll is determined to prosper without working and the best possible way is to marry a rich husband. She sees people as commodities and her relationship with them as business transaction: â€Å"[†¦] as for their common design, that I understood too well to be drawn into any more snares of that kind. The case was altered with me, I had money in my pocket, and had nothing to say to them. I had been tricked once by that cheat called Love, but the game was over. I was resolved now to be married or nothing, and to be well married or not at all. †(Defoe 52) For the heroine money is equivalent of freedom and men are the means of collecting it. She chooses husbands on the basis of their affluence or social class, takes money for prostitution, steals from children and from people in distress, and only when she is too old to do otherwise does she repent. In Moll Flanders vanity is the force that prevails over virtue. It is vanity that determines Moll’s behavior in the first part of the book. Moll’s vanity facilitates her seduction by the elder brother. It is also a strong motif which runs through Moll’s five marriages and numerous lovers. It is a factor which precipitates her decision to steal rather to remain poor and exist only by the honest labor of her needle. In fact, all her actions are in some way linked to her vanity. Moll’s strategies of economical survival are not to be admired upon as everything she has achieved is thanks to lying, cheating, hurting a lot of people and committing crimes. Robinson Crusoe, on the other hand, has completely different ways of surviving. He learns to manage on his own and everything he has accomplished is because of his courage, faith, abilities and amazing survival skills. Both characters are interested in accumulating wealth. That’s why Robinson embarks on his journey to take part in trade but in contrast to Moll, he depends only on himself. The heroine in Moll Flanders uses husbands for purely egoistical reasons. She lies about her fortune in order that they agree to be betrothed to her. She manipulates people and accomplishes her devious plan. When she’s left empty-handed after all of her victims she begins a career of artful thievery using her charm, beauty, wits, femininity, cold-heartedness and evil mind. Then it comes a time when she finally gets the financial security she has always sought but finds her punishment in the Newgate Prison where she gains repentance. Just like Robinson, who deserted on a lonely island finds redemption and a clearer idea of the meaning of life, Moll also changes her point of view and reunites with the one she has most affection for- her â€Å"Lancashire husband†. She finds a way to avoid the death sentence and lives freely and happily with her husband. But even finding redemption and re-gaining humanity doesn’t cover the significant difference between her and Robinson. After all the time on that desolate island he retains his pure soul and clear mind. He doesn’t regret anything he has done because he has lived with dignity. He gained prosperity on the island thanks to his strong hands and intelligent mind. That’s why Moll, aware of all her sins, can’t be completely happy at the end of the novel. After returning to England together with her husband she says that they are ready to live â€Å"in sincere penitence for the wicked lives we have lived. †(Defoe 296) Unlike Robinson they will spend the rest of their time together contemplating all the wrong paths they have chosen during their robbery days. On the whole, Moll Flanders may be seen as a female version of Robinson Crusoe. Like him, she is obsessed with economic survival and economic success. Unlike him, she prefers to sell her sexual favours or resort to crime- rather than work. The result of the acts she has performed to fulfill her intentions is the transformation of a beautiful innocent young girl into a hardened middle-aged criminal. By illustrating two characters with identical aim but completely different personalities and lifestyles, Defoe makes us think about what is right and what is wrong, how far we would go pursuing our goals and what price we are willing to pay for that.

Constitutional Orders of Conn. essays

Constitutional Orders of Conn. essays There are many differences and similarities between The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and The Mayflower Compact. A similarity is that they both state that with the help of G-d they will set up a common wealth for the country that they represent under the name of there king. Some differences are that the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut are much more in depth; they state how everything will be run. Another difference is that in the Fundamental orders of Connecticut is setting up the government before they actually get to Connecticut. The similarity between the Mayflower Compact, and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is that in both documents it says that thy will be helped by G-d. This means that these people did not believe in separation from the church. Because of this both commonwealths or colonies would probably have churches and laws would come from the church. A difference between these two documents is that the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is more in depth. The Mayflower Compact only states that a group of people will be going to set up a colony were a government and a church would be set up. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut says how the government and towns will be run. The Connecticut document says that there will be 2 meetings a year and who will be there and why, and it also states who runs what, and what you must to choose a leader (to vote). Another difference between The Mayflower Compact and The Fundamental Orders Of Connecticut is that the Orders of Connecticut group is setting up a government before they get to Connecticut. This is good because while the Mayflower group is trying to figure out how to get things to work, the Connecticut group is already making things work, and electing people to run a government that is already working. ...

5 Benefits Better than a Salary Bump

5 Benefits Better than a Salary Bump Negotiating your compensation for a new position? Salary might not be the most important factor in your wheelings and dealings, particularly if you’re leaving a position or company with a solid benefit package. Consider the following five benefits that can often be worth more than a few thousand dollars difference in pay, and learn which questions are most worth asking. 1. 401k MatchingThe pension is all but a dinosaur in today’s workforce. The 401k matching program is a popular consolation from companies wishing to contribute to their employees’ retirement. Weigh the matching figures and do the math against your past and future salaries. The difference between a 50% and 100% matching program can make an enormous difference over the course of your career, even if your contribution is small.2. Cadillac InsuranceMedical costs are through the roof, and insurance companies are paying for less and less. Will your new employer contribute to a Health Savings Account? Do they offer disability coverage? Or extra maternity leave? A lower premium? Anticipating your out-of-pocket health costs can come in handy and save hundreds of dollars in health care if you factor them into salary negotiations.3. Wellness ProgramsDoes your new company offer to subsidize a gym membership? Financial incentives for flu shots or achieving fitness goals? A smoking cessation program? Or even a nutritional consultant? These are all added perks that you might have otherwise spent a good portion of your salary acquiring for yourself.4. Continuing Education PerksYour hard work and perseverance got you here. But what’s next? You want to keep growing and reaching for the next rung on the ladder. Why not get your employer to foot the bill? Does your new company offer undergraduate or graduate educational assistance? Additional training programs? Access to extra resources? These are the kinds of benefits that, when taken advantage of, can really vault you to the next level - and the next salary grade.5. Commuter AidWe spend a lot of time and money getting to work, between public transportation, gas, mileage, and maintenance. Factor the convenience level of your new commute into your view of your compensation. Does your new employer offer a pre-tax public-transit pass? Or is your commute just plain shorter? Less of a hassle? Sometimes you can’t put a price tag on quality of life.To factor these perks into your negotiations, do your homework. Find out what benefits are standard within your industry, know what to ask for, and be bold enough to put it on the table. It could make the difference when the salary bump is not enough.

Quality Management Assessment Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality Management Assessment Summary - Essay Example stomer’s expectations, quality management programs are put in place to ensure that services rendered to customers meet the suggestions brought forth by customers through suggestion boxes and social network forums. Quality management assessment is also carried out to identify problems facing various departments of the hospital. This purpose is achieved because in the course of assessing staff and departmental heads for the quality of service they render, the opportunity comes for management to know common areas that staff normally falls short – therefore common problems of the hospital. Quality management assessment also paves way for building strong commitment among workers. The commitment building sets in as employees are constantly assured that management are concerned about their problems and take steps towards solving. Finally through quality management assessment, opportunity is created to promote open decision-making among workers of the hospital because quality m anagement assessment is conducted in a democratic and open manner where all workers are given the opportunity to bring on board problems that face them in their departments. Quality management assessment has several components that come together to make the phenomenon more of a process rather than an event. Because it is a process, quality management assessment comes with a number of key concepts. Three of such concepts are that quality management assessment applies analytical tools, uses process techniques and integrates other management concepts. Kaluzny, McLaughlin and Simpson (1992) notes that quality management assessment employs analytical tools â€Å"such as flow and statistical charts and check sheets, to gather data about activities within an organization.† This means that quality management assessment opens itself up to quantitative analysis that makes results gathered from quality management assessments very empirical and reliable. On process techniques, there is always the adoption of

Metropolis by Giorgio Moroder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Metropolis by Giorgio Moroder - Essay Example With this on hand, the paper will dwell on the view of the movie as women are the source to evil, and how the role of women changed as the movie unfolds. Metropolis The movie, Metropolis, released in 1927, is based on the novel by Thea von Harbou. The movie is a silent film, which was directed by Fritz Lang, who is a German filmmaker. Metropolis was a futuristic city with airplanes, flyovers, and high rise buildings used and occupied by the higher class. This population lives with all the amenities to used and enjoy, such as sports, libraries, cinemas, and the like. On the contrary, beneath the highly urbanized city are the workers who control the functions of the machines used in Metropolis. The workers strive to survive the daily routine of hard work, darkness, and even death below the lively and well-developed city. The movie evolves on the resistance of the workers towards the master of Metropolis, Joh Fredersen. Along with this, the story escalates to the development of the love story between Freder, the son of Joh Fredersen, and Maria, a daughter of a worker who aims for freedom and equality. Freder, as the son of the master of Metropolis, has the freedom to enjoy all the goodness and luxury in life. However, one day, Maria went to the Eternal Garden and brought the children of the workers there, where Freder was also present. Freder, intrigued of the passion he saw in Maria, followed them to the underground city where he saw the laborers suffer and die. The incident that he witnessed rose his concern for the workers. For this reason, he decided to take the place of a worker and was also invited to take part in the meeting that Maria organized to bring hope to the workers. In the meeting, Maria spoke of hope, and that one day a savior with the hand and the heart will come to unite their cities. At the same time, Joh Fredersen had witnessed the power that Maria had over the workers, which made him fear her. For this reason, he assigned Rotwang, a scientist , to create a robot in the likeness of Maria, and to use the robot to gain the loyalty of the workers. However, the robot Maria became out of control and led the workers to destroy the machines underground, not knowing that the machines were built to save their city from flood. Chaos came to being; however, Maria and Freder were able to save the children of the workers, and Freder became the hand and the heart that united the workers and his father (DiMare 346-348). The Portrayal of Women in Metropolis Metropolis is a science fiction film, which has the female persona represented by the cyborg Maria or the robot Maria and the human Maria. The cyborg Maria is linked with the â€Å"social chaos, and revolution suggests that these are not just economic problems: they are also sexual problems† (Brockmann 87). It is also important to note that the cyborg Maria was not created to do the typical activities a robot is expected to do. She was created and given the likeness of the huma n Maria, who poses a threat as reality, and technology unites in her (Ascott 311). Furthermore, the female cyborg, in this case Maria, is a character in the film that is mostly defined as a problematic individual torn between her ability to reproduce and her robotic ability. Most of the time, the character of the female cyborg portrays two roles, which is a hero or a villain. In this case, the cyborg Maria is described by Claudia Springer as an

Emirates Airline in Dubai Essay Example for Free

Emirates Airline in Dubai Essay With the competition in the aviation industry threatening to hit fever pitch, Emirates is doing everything at its disposal to remain relevant in the sector which continues to grow tremendously. The massive growth in the aviation industry which has been largely attributed to globalization and industrialization calls for major players such as Emirates airlines to put extra efforts as far as service delivery is concerned in a bid to remain at the top. And since growth comes with its fair share of competition, to keep up with it a company must offer not only best but also unique services and be ready to commit enough resources towards customer satisfaction. It is in this spirit that Emirates through its innovative and creative strategy has remained a pace setter in the aviation industry. Pioneer In order to address the communication needs of its passengers, Emirates became the pioneer airline to launch a service of its kind which allows passengers to use their cell phones. The service which was first rolled out on 20 March 2008 on a charter plane between Dubai and Casablanca was received well by a good number of stakeholders in the industry. With this new system, passengers will now be in a position to call or send text messages to people who are on the ground. Already experts say that other airlines have gone back to the drawing board with a keen interest of embracing this new technology so as to attract more customers. Food for the soul Emirates offers what one can call a one-stop in-flight entertainment system with a wide range of options such as live international television channels, music and movies which are largely attributed to its large client base. Apart from in-flight internet services available to all classes of passengers, they are also provided with newspapers, magazines and other periodicals to inform and educate them while traveling. Generally it provides all what clients’ needs including food to music which some prefer calling food for the soul. This kind of investment in the entertainment makes customers to enjoy their journey and even consider using the same service in future hence making the Dubai based company preferred by many clients. Customer service Client satisfaction which gives Emirates competitive advantage can be attributed to its professional, young, dynamic, diligent, and dedicated cabin crew drawn from various countries. The multilingual staff uses its diverse cultural backgrounds coupled with the facilities available to serve passengers with the humility they deserve. Fully cognizant of the fact that good performance in business can only be achieved through customer satisfaction; the company has utilized this unique capability to offer best services so as to achieve the desire of their clients. This lean and well coordinated work force has seen . the airline maintain high standard of service delivery and achieve enviable goals. Although experts argue that this is a strategy aimed at cutting on costs, research shows that lean staff coupled with a simple organizational structure like the one adopted by the company leads to success. State-of–the-art The state-of-the-art fleet of planes which Emirates boasts of has enabled it to be consistent and reliable more than any other top airline. These latest planes comes in handy because it means they will be at the right place at the right time hence fits the bill of the demands of customers. Irrespective of the class of the plane, once you fly with the company comfort is guaranteed. Responsibility In this era where corporate organizations are giving back to the community in the spirit of social corporate responsibility, Emirates is not left behind. It sponsors major events across the world ranging from sports to trade. For instance it sponsors the English Premier League side Arsenal, Dubai Shopping Festival, West Australian Symphony Orchestra among others. Such gestures although can be easily dismissed by critics as public relations gimmicks, demonstrates that the company has the interests of the international community at heart bearing in mind that is where it draws its customer base from. The creativity and friendliness in which Emirates has handled its sponsored activities has really ripped off if the profits it continues to register is something to go by. Strategic position It is important to note that the strategic position of Dubai, home base of Emirates gives it an edge to do business. Strategic because one can conveniently fly to Dubai before connecting with ease to other cities like Manchester or Rome while avoiding an extra trip hence saving on costs. Apart from being a commercial hub, Dubai is a major tourism attraction a factor which makes the aviation industry to blossom. Those who fly with Emirates airlines attest that their ambitions are met a clear manifestation that that its objective of offering best services on every route it operates is fully achieved. Its value for clients has won accolades and trust from many quarters making it an airline you can bank on.

Beaches Essay -- Descriptive Personal Narrative

Beaches are beautiful forms of nature. Each one varies from another. Some can be rocky, some have white sand, some have black, some are small, and some are large. I love all sorts of beaches. Each beach I have visited has been a memorable experience, but one in particular stands out in my mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During my junior year I went on vacation to a resort in Jamaica with a extraordinary beach. It was a large beach with white sand and remarkable palm trees. There was also a long row of enormous rocks that extended far out into the Caribbean Sea. I found that those rocks made a great place to walk out on to watch the glorious sunsets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I thought this Jamaican beach was great for a couple of reasons. One reason was that it was the perfect place to watch the sunset. The other was that it was a great place to lay out relaxing and tanning during the day. Each day, I’d wake up in the morning, grab a soft white towel, and head for the beach. I was always one of the first to settle on the sand. I easily found myself the perfect spot along the crashing waves each and every day. I’d sit on that towel all day long. I got up only to run into the Caribbean Sea to cool myself off. During the day the beach truly was a great place to be, however, the late afternoon and night were beautiful beyond compare. One night in particular, the sunset was truly a memorable sight. Every sunset I’d witnessed had been great, but this particular evening was my favorite. That night I walked out onto...

My Career as a Pharmacist

According to the L.A. deputy district attorney who prosecuted Winona Ryder for shoplifting in 2002, the whacked-out actress was a walking pharmacopeia. When she was arrested, Ryder was carrying eight (yes, 8) different types of painkillers and tranquilizers in her purse. Ryder insisted that she had prescriptions for all but one of them. That was true. She neglected to mention, however, that she had used several bogus names to get them (http://anecdotage.com/index. php?aid=17259). From this anecdote, I come to realize more the Great responsibilities of a pharmacist, one of our next-door heroes where we entrust the community and our family’s health. With the great deal knowing how a medicine works and what its composition to say its safe for human consumption were the few things learned during the academic years. But why did I choose this career, what is Doctor of pharmacy had to do with my lifetime goal? What will it take me to be successful with my chosen choice of career? With the increasing number of school offering Pharmacy, candidates competing for available seats are just few proofs that the career I have chosen despite its complexity is more than the job with multiple offers. It’s well paid and well respected in the field of medicine. With the enormous demand for pharmacy professionals one have to consider the rigorous requirements of becoming a Doctor of Pharmacy, a professional degree that needs prior college level of study. For some instances, people who finished a five years pharmacy degree may seek Pharm. D. But this is just one step of becoming a registered pharmacist, there still the preparation and completion of pre-pharmacy requirement, and after that the preparation again for passing the licensure examination. After all of these undertakings, it is now worthwhile that my dreams and goals are materializing, being a part of a medical healthcare team, in touch with people for best drug and non-drug treatment for particular illness, gender and sex, as I can work inside a healthcare facility or being simply a retailer. The continuous modernization in drug therapy that goes with development of technology gives me more excitement because it meant for the increased demand for pharmacist. The work I am competent in, my passion. In this time of modern innovations my career gives me an ongoing enthusiasm for improvement. Accessibility of pharmacies plays a key role in drug distribution during emergencies or simply seeking advice for a particular medicine, prescribing the best drug without its side effects. With the â€Å"war on drugs† between lawmakers and pharmaceutical company, I can only hope that public will benefit, for cheaper generic prescriptions. There may be growing competitions in this field but the zeal and enthusiasm in me create a positive impact. I know that quality and success don’t happen overnight. A passion you have to do from start to finish. Thus, each day I woke up I see to it that it is full of energy and inspiration, because I am meeting different people with different needs on medications and alike. You don’t know whom the medicine for and what’s in their heart that they carry. Remember that being a registered Pharmacist doesn’t end on giving the right medical information and advice but doing a job well done is staying the person you are. Sharing a smile is more than just the best drug you suggest to use but the hope you impart on their soul. This makes my work and passion more rewarding. REFERENCES Whaley, Bryan B.(2000). Explaining Illness: Research, Theory and Strategies. Mahwah, New Jersey New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. iii Winona Ryder: Walking Pharmacy (2002). Retrieved from the Web June 1,2006.   

P1 -Unit 8: Business Communication Through Documentation

Unit 8: Business Communication through Documentation Title: Identify, using examples, the purposes of written business communications in four different business contexts Written Business Communications Introduction: John Lewis, as a business, was founded in 1864 when it was just a shop  on  Oxford Street, which expanded over the years to become the third largest retailer in the UK. John Lewis is a Public Limited Company, this means that anyone with the right capital can buy (or sell) their shares within the business, in order to become a share-holder and receive dividends from profits.In addition, as a business, John Lewis sells various products and has a variety of over 80,000 products ranging from clothes to furniture, in order to suit and cater to the needs of any of their customers . Furthermore, in this assignment I will be investigating the retailer John Lewis and its operations; in order to determine examples of effective written business communications, with the use of do cumentation. Written Business Communications Effective communication within a business (John Lewis) is essential, in order to ensure their success and profitability.But Firstly, What is Communication? Communication can be defined as â€Å"the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another† [2]. This means that without communication, information or ideas cannot be utilized and no aspect of John Lewis can function properly. For example, if the delivery department cannot communicate with individual stores; therefore this means that John Lewis can’t coordinate with the individual stores, in order to determine what new stock is needed at any particular time.This results in John Lewis being unable to restock their stores properly, meaning products not needed are delivered for example. As a result, John Lewis looses out on potential customers and repeat sales, because consumers who wanted to purchase a specific product couldn’t due to the stock u navailability, leading to a loss in potential sales, repeat sales and profits for the business in the short and long term. Secondly, communication within John Lewis happens in various different methods, such as written, verbal and electronic.However in this assignment we will only be discussing the written communication aspects of John Lewis. There are various written documentation which are communicated throughout john Lewis. For example, letters, memos, text, faxes and emails are just some of the formal or informal communication methods used by businesses in the modern age. A written business document is a way of getting a message across internally and externally by employees or customers of John Lewis. There are various ways of written communication that are used by businesses.For example, depending of the situation an employee of john Lewis may need to contact their branch manager and the quickest, but maybe not the most formal way of doing so, would be by texting them [3]. Addi tionally, there are many forms of written communication, such as agenda’s, e-mails, letters, memorandums, reports, notices and minutes. A written business document is used as a type of communication as it is seen as a more formal and professional way to communicate internally and externally within a business.Purposes of Written Communication Most businesses understand that communication is crucial for successful business operations. The ways we conduct our business activities is changing rapidly, as a result communication, especially written has become essential, in order to deliver messages and information to any aspect or individual within the business. As a result, if used successfully the purpose of written communication, in my opinion, is to deliver information, in order to coordinates and establish successful business activities.This leads to an increase sales, and an increase in the profit in the long term for John Lewis. The purpose leads to the crucial question why d o we use written communication? Written communication can be used in various ways, depending on the sender and receiver of the information. For example, a manger will inform the owners or directors, by producing a written report telling them which products are selling better than other’s within a period of time. This form of written communication will be strictly professional and formal, informing them about changes in the business and there actives.However if an employee wanted to inform another member of staff about other issues then they could just email or text them, meaning a simpler, reliable and effective written communication process. Furthermore, it’s not only the internal customers but also external consumers who can communicate in a written manner with john Lewis. For example, a customer would communicate in a written manner with john Lewis if they have a complaint with any aspect of the business; such as a faulty product, leading to a customer having to ema il John Lewis regarding replacement of the product.In addition, a customer can also communicate with John Lewis because they have an inquiry to make regarding products or services provided by them. These are just some of the various reasons that customer make written enquires to John Lewis. Types of Written Communication Business Context| Document| Context(manager-employee or employee-costumer )| Purpose| Formal| Letter| Supplier to John Lewis,| To make an appointment to see the manager about supply of raw materials needed to produce the products in the production department of John Lewis. | Formal| Agendas | Set out topics to be covered at a meeting.An manger will send it to the employees he wants to come to the meeting | Usually sent out before a meeting to all the people that are meant to attend and inform attendees| Formal| Reports| Information, research and analysis on a specific aspect of a business,| Provides detail to help the businesses with decision making. So the purpose of this will be to inform an employee | Formal| Minutes of the meetings| A record of what actually took place at a meeting between manager and employees | It also records who attended the meeting, what was discussed nd how long and when the meeting took place and to confirm meeting feedback| Informal | Memorandums| They are mainly used for quick communication within a business, college to college | They are short, simple information meant to get your message across within a business, to the receiver and its purpose is to inform a staff member of manager what is going to happen or needs to happen | Formal | Schedules| Schedules are lists of planned activities or tasks that need to be completed and could be used between staff and managers | It is almost like a plan for the business, which can come in many forms such as lists or timetables and it is used to instruct people what to do | Informal | Notices| Important information on displays, or boards in order to inform employees or anyo ne associated with the business for example the marketing department and employees | This is done in order to notify and display general information which should be accessible to all members of staff. | The table above shows the various types of written communication methods, and their purposes. ConclusionIn conclusion I would state that this assignment has highlighted the importance of communication and especially the importance of written communication within John Lewis. Also I have discovered the various types of communication and why the different parties (such as customer, employees, suppliers) involved would use each method that suited their needs, as explained within the assignment. Bibliography – 1. NW-Link http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadcom. html Accessed on 24/09/2012 2. E-How http://www. ehow. co. uk/info_7785121_types-written-business-communication. html Accessed on 24/09/2012 3. E-How http://www. ehow. com/about_5563166_purpose-business-communicatio n. html Accessed on 24/09/2012 4. John Lewis http://www. johnlewis. com/ Accessed on 24/09/2012

Free Essays on Mouis Riel

One of the most controversial figures in Canada’s history was Louis Riel. He was known to almost all Canadians was a Mà ©tis, who helped his people fight against the government for their rights and freedom. But he was executed for being guilty of treason. To some he was thought of as a murderer, rebel and a traitor, others believed he was a saint and a martyr. Because there is so much contradicting facts to what he has done, no one is really sure of what he should be remembered as. A hero, or a traitor. In my opinion, he is a hero. Riel was a patriot, and he stood up for his people and his own believes when thoughts of prejudice were against him. He gave up his life of becoming a priest, lawyer, and a politician to help others. I believe that Louis Riel was a hero and a good leader his people. He stood up for religious and racial differences, lead rebellions against land transfers, headed provisional governments, negotiated the Manitoba Act, organized provisional governments for the Mà ©tis, helped Macdonald’s government realize the importance of the First Nations, provided protection for the French language rights, culture, and way of life. While what he did was seen as acts of sedition, he did it all in mind of his people. He worked to change the grievances of the Mà ©tis, to give them change and â€Å"his desire to act within constitutional bounds† helped him along the way. He also helped the Saskatchewan Mà ©tis to lead a rebellion against westward expansion. During this time he led t he famous Northwest Rebellion, this lead to his execution by the act of treason. This is another example of how Riel gave his life to improve the lives of others. I believe he has done enough and cared enough to be known as a hero. Some contradicting facts that leads people to think that Riel would be considered a traitor would be, taking over forts, putting together his own provisional governments, approving the execution of Thomas Scott, ... Free Essays on Mouis Riel Free Essays on Mouis Riel One of the most controversial figures in Canada’s history was Louis Riel. He was known to almost all Canadians was a Mà ©tis, who helped his people fight against the government for their rights and freedom. But he was executed for being guilty of treason. To some he was thought of as a murderer, rebel and a traitor, others believed he was a saint and a martyr. Because there is so much contradicting facts to what he has done, no one is really sure of what he should be remembered as. A hero, or a traitor. In my opinion, he is a hero. Riel was a patriot, and he stood up for his people and his own believes when thoughts of prejudice were against him. He gave up his life of becoming a priest, lawyer, and a politician to help others. I believe that Louis Riel was a hero and a good leader his people. He stood up for religious and racial differences, lead rebellions against land transfers, headed provisional governments, negotiated the Manitoba Act, organized provisional governments for the Mà ©tis, helped Macdonald’s government realize the importance of the First Nations, provided protection for the French language rights, culture, and way of life. While what he did was seen as acts of sedition, he did it all in mind of his people. He worked to change the grievances of the Mà ©tis, to give them change and â€Å"his desire to act within constitutional bounds† helped him along the way. He also helped the Saskatchewan Mà ©tis to lead a rebellion against westward expansion. During this time he led t he famous Northwest Rebellion, this lead to his execution by the act of treason. This is another example of how Riel gave his life to improve the lives of others. I believe he has done enough and cared enough to be known as a hero. Some contradicting facts that leads people to think that Riel would be considered a traitor would be, taking over forts, putting together his own provisional governments, approving the execution of Thomas Scott, ...

A Quick Guide to Getting a Pay Raise

A Quick Guide to Getting a Pay Raise Are you thinking about asking for a raise? Before you do, make sure you have positioned yourself as strongly as possible for a yes. Consider when raises are generally granted at your company. Is it at the end of the year? On the anniversary of your start date? Take a look at the following infographic to determine whether you are ready, or you need to wait a bit for a higher salary. Don’t Do ThisAfter you have decided that you will ask for more money, be careful how you position yourself. Check out the following video from Fast Company to see how you really sound when you ask for a raise.Do ThisSo what’s the right way to ask for a raise? You have to prove your worth to the company. Enter the meeting with a well-thought-out justification for a salary increase. It should be based solely on performance, whether it is exceeding established goals, or bring in new business. Check out the following video to learn how to best ask for a raise.This article is part of Bulk Up Your Career in 2017Â  campaign. Access the entire guide here to help you succeed in 2017.

How to contribute to a community of difference and being a global (See Essay

How to contribute to a community of difference and being a global (See Guideline) - Essay Example As a means of this reality, it is incumbent upon the individual who wishes to integrate key level of change to understand that such a level of change does not only impact upon their own local community, it has global impacts in ramifications. In such a way, this brief analysis will discuss some of the key ways in which an individual can interact with different people, cultures, politics, and/or ideas as a means of effecting positive and lasting difference within the global environment. Furthermore, if brief discussion of what it means to be a global citizen in some of the ethical constraints that that’s necessarily entails will also be discussed. One of the most important means of contributing to a lasting degree of change and difference within the world is perhaps with regards to the video featuring Sir Ken Robinson available from TED. Although the video in question was specifically interested in education and the means by which future generations are being prepared for the c hallenges that await them, the reality of the fact is that this subject matter is applicable to all individuals (Garr et al, 2012). Ultimately, as a means of making sense of an increasingly complex world in which fewer and fewer elements of knowledge can be obtained and leveraged by anyone individual, society and the education system as a whole have sought to limit and ultimately constrain the extent to which individuals are exposed to certain ideas and/or types of education. However, such an approach is damaging due to the fact that it restricts the potential that the creative young minds could bring to a world that they might otherwise engage with a more complete approach. In short, although the impacts upon students are most definitive, such a faulty approach also impacts upon adults due to the fact that encourages each and every member of society to limit and constrain their worldview into a shallow rather presumptuous model of limited understanding. Similarly, another means by which the global citizen and seek to integrate change of a systemic level is with regards to the level and extent to which he/she understands the far-reaching replications of choices and models by which they ascribe to follow. What is meant by this is the fact that an appreciation for culture and key differences with regards to individual backgrounds and ethnicities is necessary for any change model to work effectively (Hornstein, 2012). As a corollary, the reader can easily understand the situation in which a simplistic model of changes advocated however, it is completely and entirely unsuited to key realities that exist in different parts of the world, different religions, different political associations, or different ethnicities/racial backgrounds. As a means of being mindful of such a reality, it is necessary for the global citizen/individual agent of change to perennially be mindful of the means by which such realities can impact upon their decision and framework. Finally, it must be understood that due to the fact that so many issues face the current generation means by which change can and should

Fashion, Taste, and Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fashion, Taste, and Consumerism - Essay Example The paper "Fashion, Taste, and Consumerism" analyzes Taste, Consumerism and Fashion. Birkenstock shoes have dominated the market and the American (employee-group) now owns it. The company is enjoying a large market share due to their quality production of a varied category of shoes production. Employees of Birkenstock Company are now employing new skills to keep up with new demands and change of preferences in the market today. The creativity and commitment in the market has marked the survival strength of the company. Birkenstock shoes are friendly to hot weather and their open shoes are now preferred for casual wears. Consumption is of items are based on various theories. The Keynesian theory of consumption has it that the absolute income hypothesis depends on the current income of the country of individual to have the buying power. Some other theories have it that consumption of individuals depends largely on the behavior of people and their cultural way of life. The rate of consu mption is also defined by taking comparison to the level of production. The opportunity cost often has great effects on production of local goods thus creating demand for commercial goods. According to many economists, what constitutes consumption is the products that finally reaches the market and bought by the final utilizes. Consumption is also defined broadly as the overall results for all the productions of the economic activities. The aggregate need for items increases consumption and production too.

The policies of a Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The policies of a Government - Essay Example United Kingdom has seen the development of these organizations at a massive scale, with the number extending into thousands while the number of political parties remains small. The public has immensely supported the petitioning of the State to succumb to significant issues, and thus the membership of these groups has increased greatly (History Learning, 2010) The issue under consideration is an environmental factor, which has been drawing the attention of billions around the globe; it is an ecocatastrophe that everyone faces, irrespective of cast, creed, gender, status or nationality. This environmental factor is the phenomenon of Global Climate Change, which has been highlighted in political and economic debates, and Greenpeace International is one of the first pressure groups that promote this issue on a world-wide scale (IPCC, 2007). The slogan holds an energy within itself, and provokes the desire to act immediately; Greenpeace has effectively used the terminology which strikes t he emotions of the people, such as Fragile Earth and needs. It focuses on creating awareness and realization that the world is heading towards a disaster, and brings this issue on main scale, by confronting the government policies and large corporations which have led to this environmental degradation, such as forcing Timberland (a major shoe manufacturing company) to sort out their supply chain.The energy system of UK has become antique, and need up gradation to be conducive enough for contemporary times, and thus Greenpeace has proposed.

Outline the Learning Theory of Attachments Essay Example for Free

Outline the Learning Theory of Attachments Essay Outline the learning theory explanation of attachments. The learning theory proposes that attachment behaviours are learnt through the imitation of the attachment figures meaning they are not innate. One explanation of how this happens is through Classical Conditioning. In the Learning Theory Classical Conditioning is the forming of an attachment through association. The Learning Theory states that when a baby is born they naturally want food. When the mother feeds the baby it automatically associates the food which is the primary reinforces with its mother who is the secondary reinforces. Therefore an attachment is formed with the mother because she is giving what the baby needs most. the mother feeding the baby when the baby cries will mean that the baby learns that crying will get them food which then makes the baby happy, the food is the unconditioned stimulus and the happiness from the child is the unconditioned response the primary care giver is the neutral stimulus, over time the baby will associate the mother with food and the presence of just the mother will make the baby happy, the mother is the conditioned stimulus and the baby being happy to see the mother is the conditioned response. Another explanation of how attachments are learned according to the Learning Theory is through Operant Conditioning. Operant Conditioning involves reinforcement or a reward to maintain a relationship. Dollard and Miller stated that all babies are born with a need to reduce feelings of hunger. When the mother feeds the baby it acts as a positive reinforcement or a reward on the behaviour of the baby. The reward that the baby receives is a positive reward and therefore the baby is likely to repeat the same behaviour to provoke the same response from the mother. This reinforces the attachment bond between mother and child because she is the one providing the food. Dollard Miller (1950) used the term secondary drive hypothesis to describe the processes of learning an attachment through operant and classical conditioning. Secondary drive hypothesis explains how primary drives which are essential for survival, such as eating when hungry, become associated with secondary drives such as emotional closeness. They extended the theory to explain that attachment is a two way process that the caregiver must also learn, and this occurs through negative reinforcement when the caregiver feels pleasure because the infant is no longer distressed.

Learning Case Adaptation :: Technology Case-Based Reasoning Essays

Learning Case Adaptation Computer models of case-based reasoning (CBR) generally guide case adaptation using a fixed set of adaptation rules. A difficult practical problem is how to identify the knowledge required to guide adaptation for particular tasks. Likewise, an open issue for CBR as a cognitive model is how case adaptation knowledge is learned. We describe a new approach to acquiring case adaptation knowledge. In this approach, adaptation problems are initially solved by reasoning from scratch, using abstract rules about structural transformations and general memory search heuristics. Traces of the processing used for successful rule-based adaptation are stored as cases to enable future adaptation to be done by case-based reasoning. When similar adaptation problems are encountered in the future, these adaptation cases provide task- and domain-specific guidance for the case adaptation process. We present the tenets of the approach concerning the relationship between memory search and case adaptation, t he memory search process, and the storage and reuse of cases representing adaptation episodes. These points are discussed in the context of ongoing research on DIAL, a computer model that learns case adaptation knowledge for case-based disaster response planning. 1 Introduction The fundamental principle of case-based reasoning (CBR) for problem-solving is that new problems are addressed by retrieving stored records of prior problem-solving episodes and adapting their solutions to fit new situations. In most case-based reasoning systems, the case adaptation process is guided by fixed case adaptation rules. Practical experience developing CBR systems has shown that it is difficult to establish appropriate case adaptation rules (e.g., Allemang, 1993; Leake, 1994). In defining adaptation rules, a key problem is the classic operationality/generality tradeoff that was first observed in research on explanation-based learning (e.g., Segre, 1987): Specific rules are easy to apply and are reliable, but only apply to a narrow range of adaptation problems; abstract rules span a broad range of potential adaptations but are often hard and expensive to apply because they do not provide task- and domain-specific guidance. In those CBR systems that do perform case adaptatio n, specific rules are often used, requiring that the developer perform difficult analysis of the task and domain to determine which rules will be needed. In practice, the problems of defining adaptation rules are so acute that many CBR applications simply omit case adaptation (e.g., Barletta, 1994). This paper presents a new method by which a case-based reasoning system can learn adaptation knowledge from experience.

Elements of Constitutional Democracy Essay

In order for a country to be called democratic, essential elements should be complied with. These elements are popular sovereignty, majority and minority rights, limited government and institutional and procedural limitations of power. One of the essential elements that have a remarkable impact on my life is popular sovereignty. In a democratic country, the authority of usually emanates from the people. The authority is exercised through election or voting of the people who deserve to seat in the government. Popular sovereignty has remarkably impacted my life by being active in exercise my right to vote. Through voting, I have to study or review the background of the candidates as well as the party they represent. Apart from that, I also make myself aware of the political condition of the country and the policies introduced by the public officials. Furthermore, I tried to influence and convince my friends in using and making their right to vote powerful in order to introduce change in the future. As for me, it is rewarding to live in a democratic country because every citizen is part of shaping the future of the country. Another element is the institutional and procedural limitation on powers which covers due process of law. Through the due process of law, I am confident that my rights are protected from any abuses that any government authorities may have against me. Aside from that, through the due process of law, I am secured of achieving justice in case I will face a case one day. More importantly, I have earned confident and trust in the system of the government.

Endometritis

Postpartum Endometritis Evidence Based Paper March 13, 2012 Endometritis is the inflammation or irritation of the uterus, which is a common post partum complication that occurs in more than 15% of all pregnancies and is currently the leading cause of maternal mortality (Scott & Hasik, 2001). When endometritis is not related to pregnancy, it is referred to as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2010 sexually transmitted diseases treatment guideline defines PID as any combination of endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. From a pathologic perspective, endometritis can be classified as acute versus chronic. Acute endometritis is distinguished by the presence of neutrophils within the endometrial glands. Chronic endometritis is characterized by the presence of plasma cells and lymphocytes within the endometrial stroma.Chronic endometritis in the postpartum or post abortion patient is usually associat ed with retained products of conception after delivery or abortion. In the nonobstetric population, chronic endometritis has been associated with infections such as chlamydia, tuberculosis, bacterial vaginosis, and the presence of intrauterine devices (Rivlin, 2011). Early-onset postpartum endometritis occurs within two days of delivery, and the late-onset of the disease can occur up to six weeks postpartum.This condition will usually start as a local infection at the placental attachment site and if left untreated, can spread to the entire uterine endometrium (French & Smaill, 2004). There are numerous risks associated with this condition, and diagnosis relies heavily on the clinical judgment of the practitioner. The contamination of the uterine cavity with vaginal organisms during labor and delivery causes the disease. Both bacterial and viral infections may initiate endometritis and many of the agents that cause the infection are naturally present in the vagina.This condition arises commonly after delivery because delivery results in tears, rips or incisions in the vagina, cervix or uterus that allow these agents to enter the uterine lining. The infection can have several species of causative agents that can be aerobic or anaerobic flora (French & Smaill, 2004). The method of delivery will determine which causative agents prognosticate the possibility of endometritis. For vaginal deliveries, the presence of the organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis or genital cultures positive for aerobic gram-negative organisms can indicate endometritis.In cesarean births, the occurrence of certain bacteria such as group A hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci B, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Mycoplasma hominis in amniotic fluid cultures will put the patient at an increased risk for this infection (French & Smaill, 2004). With the increasing number of people opting for natural birth methods, including water births, the danger only multiplies. This is becaus e disinfecting procedures as they are carried out before major surgery is usually not practiced in a home environment.Prompt treatment is essential to prevent the spread of the infection through other areas of the body, including the blood. Prolonged infection can be fatal. The immediate postpartum period following birth is a time of increased risk for all women for infection. Microorganisms entering the reproductive tract and migrating into the blood and other parts of the body could result in life threatening septicemia (French & Smaill, 2004). Timely diagnosis and aggressive treatment is essential to prevent these complications.Complications of endometritis include infertility, extension of infection to involve the peritoneal cavity with peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, and septic pelvic thrombophelbitis. Septic pelvic thrombophelbitis is a condition in which blood clots in one of the pelvic vessels become infected. If untreated it could progress to septic pulmonary embo li, in which the infected blood clots travel to the lungs and lead to death (French & Smaill, 2004).Septic shock is a life-threatening systemic infection usually caused by bacteria and on rare occasions follows postpartum endometritis. The bacteria that invade the bloodstream release a substance known as endotoxin, which causes decreased blood pressure, clot formation, major tissue injury, and leakage of fluids. Accordingly, organs may fail because they are not receiving enough blood and nutrients. Fortunately, this condition during pregnancy or in the postpartum period is a rare clinical event (Mazzeffi and Chen, 2010).Major risk factors for obstetric endometritis include the following: Cesarean delivery (especially if before 28 weeks' gestation), rupture of membranes lasting more than 24 hours, excessively long labors, severely meconium-stained amniotic fluid, manual placental removal, and extremes of patient age. Other threatening factors have been identified in additional st udies, including no prior cesarean delivery, preterm or postterm gestation, low infant Apgar scores, antepartum infections, preeclampsia, amnioinfusion, postpartum anemia, the presence of internal monitors, and steroid medications (Olsen, Butler, Willers ;amp; Gilad, 2010).Acute endometritis is typified by the existence of neutrophil cells in the endometrium. Neutrophils are white blood cells with cytoplasmic granules that consume harmful bacteria, fungi, and other foreign materials. Characteristic symptoms of endometritis include abdominal distention or swelling, abnormal vaginal bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, fever (100 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit), general discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise), and lower abdominal or pelvic pain (uterine pain). Anemia occurs when a patient’s red blood cell count is lower than 4. -6. 0 million red blood cells per micro liter of blood. Losing large amounts of blood during delivery or prior to delivery may be a contributing fa ctor for a low red blood count, anemia and potentially endometritis. Red blood counts (RBC) are needed to indicate anemia and the sedimentation rate (ESR). The sedimentation rate measures the rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of 1 hour. It is a common hematology test that is a non-specific measure of inflammation, which is evident in endometritis.The diagnosis of postpartum endometritis is based on the presence of fever in the absence of any other cause. Uterine tenderness, purulent or foul-smelling lochia and leukocytosis are common clinical findings used to support the diagnosis of endometritis. Leukocytosis is a raised white blood cell count (the leukocyte count) above the normal range in the blood. The standard definition for puerperal fever used for reporting rates of puerperal morbidity is an oral temperature of 100. 4 degrees centigrade or more on any two of the first ten days postpartum or 101. degrees or higher during the first 24 hours postpartum (French ; amp; Smaill, 2004). Additionally, when the above symptoms occur, urinalysis and urine culture may be done. However, endometrial cultures are rarely indicated because specimens collected through the cervix are usually contaminated by vaginal and cervical flora. A sterile technique with a speculum is used to avoid vaginal contamination, and the sample is sent for aerobic and anaerobic cultures. If fever persists for 48 hours (Some clinicians use a 72-hour cutoff) after endometritis is adequately treated, ther causes such as pelvic abscess and pelvic thrombophlebitis should be considered. Abdominal and pelvic imaging, usually done by CT, is sensitive for abscess but detects pelvic thrombophlebitis only if the clots are large. If the results of the imaging are negative, a trial of heparin is typically begun to treat presumed pelvic thrombophlebitis as a diagnosis of exclusion (Moldenhauer, 2008). Before the advent of the antibiotic era, puerperal fever was an important cause of maternal death.With the use of antibiotics, a sharp decrease in maternal acute postpartum infections has been observed, and it is now accepted that antibiotic treatment for postpartum endometritis is warranted. Intravenous broad-spectrum therapy (cephalsporins, penicillins, or clindamycin and genatmicin) is appropriate for the treatment of endometritis. Regimens with activity against penicillin-resistant anaerobic bacteria are better than those without. There is no evidence that any one regimen is associated with fewer side effects.Once uncomplicated, endometritis has clinically improved with intravenous therapy, and oral therapy is not needed (French, 2003). Furthermore, it is essential that the patient receive supportive care including hydration, rest and pain relief. Antibiotics should be discontinued 24 hours after the patient is asymptomatic. Assessments should be taken of the lochia, vital signs, and changes in the women’s condition continue during treatment (Perry, Hockenberry ;amp; Lowdermilk, 2010). Treatment is usually considered successful after the woman is afebrile for 24 to 48 hours.If the initial antibiotic regimen does not result in resolution of fever and other symptoms within three days, the antibiotic regimen is usually changed. Consideration is also given to the possibility that the woman may have complications requiring specific treatment. The most effective treatment and least expensive treatment of postpartum infection is prevention. Preventative measures include good prenatal nutrition to control anemia and intrapartal hemorrhage. Good maternal perineal hygiene with through hand hygiene is emphasized.Strict adherence to aseptic techniques by all healthcare professionals during childbirth and the postpartum period is very important (Perry, Hockenberry ;amp; Lowdermilk, 2010). Endometritis is usually caused, in the postpartum scenario, because of a deficient care taken to avoid streptococcus and staphylococcus infections in the delivery ar ea. These two bacteria are present on every inch of our skin, and considering that delivery is the one time when the mother's insides are most exposed, precautionary measures to maintain a sterile environment in the delivery or birthing room should be taken.The benefit of antibiotic therapy for laboring women has been unquestionably established. Intravaginal metronidazole as surgical preparation and oral methylergometrine after delivery are two interventions that show promise as additional prophylactic interventions (French, 2003). Having a baby by Caesarean section is becoming increasingly common, despite the higher risks associated with the surgery compared to a vaginal birth. One important concern is the risk of infection, which is between five and 20 times greater for women who undergo scheduled or emergency Caesarean section.According to the Cochrane Review, â€Å"the single most important risk factor for postpartum maternal infection is Caesarean section. † The review f urther cited that antibiotics to women undergoing Caesarean section reduced the incidence of fever by 45 percent, wound infection by 39 percent, inflammation of the uterine lining by 38 percent and serious infectious complications for the mother by 31 percent (Nelson, 2010). This approach can significantly lower the risk of endometritis, particularly in women having surgery after extended labor and ruptured membranes.To prevent future infection, most doctors prescribe Cefazolin, which is administered intravenously immediately after the baby's umbilical cord is clamped. If you are at high risk, a second dose may be given eight hours later (French ;amp; Smaill, 2004). The overall goal for the postpartum client with endometritis is, â€Å"The patient will be free from infection. † Nursing management and general interventions of the patient would include the collection of vaginal and blood cultures, education on handy hygiene, the administration IV antibiotics and analgesics as p rescribed.Non-pharmacological interventions include distraction, imagery, relaxation, and application of hot and cold. Non-pharmacological interventions can restore the client’s sense of self-control, personal efficacy, and active participation in her care. It is essential that the information and method of delivery of information be tailored to the specific client and family (French ;amp; Smaill, 2004). Secondary to free from infection, an accurate nursing care plan for a postpartum patient with an with endometritis would include: 1.The patient will follow a specific, mutually agreed upon, healthcare maintenance plan. (The nurse should assume that first-time mothers lack sufficient knowledge regarding condition and treatment diagnosis, and therefore, needs education and specific instructions during the postpartum recovery period). If a mother has given birth to more than one child a review of proper heath care regimens is also justifiable. The new mother should receive instr uction pertaining to hygienic care for her perineal area. This care would include changing her perineal pad frequently and washing her hands afterwards.The presence of a wet pad against sutures is an excellent medium for the development of an infection that could potentially spread to the uterus. The use tampons should be prohibited for six weeks after delivery, since tampon use can cause infection or even toxic shock syndrome. It is the nurse’s responsibility to promote adequate rest and encourage a generous intake of nutrients and fluids. The patient will report that pain management regimens achieves comfort function goal without adverse effects (Ackley ;amp; Ladwig, 2011).The nurse should administer comfort measures to ease pain and teach the patient proper understanding of the condition as well as taking measures to correct the complications of endometritis (Perry, Hockenberry ;amp; Lowdermilk, 2010). 2. The patient will maintain oral temperature within adaptive levels (l ess than 100. 4 degrees). Evaluate the woman's temperature at the end of the first hour postpartum and then every four hours for the first 22 hours postpartum. Clients with endometritis typically have a fever, chills, general malaise, and may exhibit tachycardia.Oral temperature measurement provides a more accurate temperature than tympanic measurement, auxiliary, or use of a chemical dot thermometer. Use the same site and method device for temperature measurement for a given client so that temperature trends are assessed accurately (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011). 3. The patient will report that pain management regimens achieves comfort function goal without adverse effects (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011). The importance of prompt reporting of unrelieved pain is the patient’s responsibility.An important step toward improved control of pain is a better client understanding of the nature of pain, its treatment, and the role the client needs to play in pain control (Ackley & Ladwig , 2011). Despite the normalcy of childbirth, complications may arise that will have detrimental effects on the postpartum client. These include postpartum hemorrhage, thrombophlebitis, and infections such as endometritis. Healthcare providers working with postpartum clients must have a clear understanding of these complications, including the symptoms, nursing interventions, and treatment.A cognizant nurse would carefully review the results of laboratory tests for signs of anemia, infection, and electrolyte imbalance. Blood cultures to identify the causative agents of potential infections are typically done, and white blood cell (WBC) counts are monitored. However, it is important to remember that the white blood cell count is normally elevated after delivery for a short period; continued monitoring of the WBC count is required in identifying endometritis (French, L. , & Smaill, F. M, 2004).Nearly 90% of women treated with an approved regimen note improvement in 48-72 hours. Del ay in initiation of antibiotic therapy can result in systemic toxicity. Endometritis is associated with increased maternal mortality due to septic shock. However, mortality is rare in the United States because of aggressive antimicrobial management. Most cases of endometritis, including those following cesarean delivery, should be treated in an inpatient setting. For mild cases following vaginal delivery, oral antibiotics in an outpatient setting may be adequate (French, L. & Smaill, F. M, 2004). References Ackley, B. J. , & Ladwig, G. B. (2011). Nursing diagnosis handbook: An evidence-based guide to planning care. (9th ed. , pp. 47,426-429,446-449,600-604). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier. French, L. (2003). Prevention and treatment of postpartum endometritis. Current Women’s Health Reports, 3(4), 274-279. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12844449 French, L. , & Smaill, F. M. (2004). Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery. Co chrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Retrieved from http://www. rw. interscience. wiley. com/Cochrane/clsysrev /articles/CD001067/frame. html Mazzeffi, M. A. (2010). Severe postpartum sepsis with prolonged myocardial dysfunction: A case report by michael a. mazzeffi and katherine t. chen. Journal of Medical Case Reports, (4), 318. Retrieved from http://www. jmedicalcasereports. com/content/4/1/318 Moldenhauer, J. S. (2008, November). Puerperal endometritis. Retrieved from http://www. merckmanuals. com/professional/gynecology_and_obstetrics/postpartum_care_and_associated_disorders/puerperal_endometritis. tml Nelson, C. B. (2010, January 22). Routine antibiotic use reduces mothers’ infection risk from c- section. Health Behavior News Service. Retrieved from http://www. physorg. com/news183387263. html Olsen, M. A. , Butler, A. M. , Willers, D. M. , & Gilad, A. G. (2010). Risk factors for endometritis after low transverse cesarean delivery. Infection Control and Hospital E pidemiology, 31(1), 69-77. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org. proxy. li. suu. edu:2048/stable/10. 1086/649018 Perry, S. E. , Hockenberry, M. J. & Lowdermilk, D. L. (2010). Maternal child nursing care. (4th ed. , pp. 586-587). Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby. Pillitteri, A. (1999) Maternal & Child Health Nursing, (3rd ed. pp. 789-792). Philadelphia: PA: Lippincott. Rivlin, M. E. (2011, June 14) Endometritis. Retrieved from http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/254169-overview Scott, L. D. , & Hasik, K. J. (2001). The similarities and differences of endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 30(3), 332-41.